Effects of Unexpected Underfoot Perturbations During Turning on Measures of Mediolateral Stability and Corresponding Recovery Strategies

Abstract

Humans regularly walk across uneven terrain, which demands the use of reactive control strategies to maintain forward progress and stability. While reactive control during walking has been well described during straight gait, it is unclear how reactive control differs during turning gait. Because turning is asymmetrical, perturbations to the inside and outside limbs may elicit different reactive adjustments. This study investigates how unexpected underfoot perturbations alter stability measures during turning and how individuals alter their foot placement to maintain stability after such perturbations. Seven healthy adults completed walking trials around a circular track while wearing mechanized shoes that pseudo-randomly delivered underfoot perturbations to either the inside or outside limb. We calculated mediolateral margin of stability corrected for centripetal acceleration (ML MoSC), step width, and step length from kinematic data. Linear mixed effects models compared the effects of perturbation type (inversion vs eversion), perturbation limb (inside vs outside), and their interaction for each outcome measure. ML MoSC was affected by both perturbation type and perturbation limb, with larger changes observed during eversion, and outside, perturbations. Changes to step width and step time during two recovery steps after each perturbation were primarily influenced by the perturbation limb - outside perturbations elicited consistent changes during two recovery steps compared to one altered step after inside perturbations. Perturbations to the outside limb during turning disrupt gait longer than perturbations to the inside limb. This difference across perturbation limb may indicate that outside steps are more important to maintaining and recovering stability than inside ones during turning.