Contrasting Mitochondrial Diversity of Endemic Corbicula Clams in Sulawesis Ancient Lakes: Phylogeography and Implications for Conservation

Abstract

The global study of freshwater clams in the genus Corbicula is frequently confounded by invasive androgenetic lineages that experience mitochondrial DNA capture and clonal propagation. In contrast, the endemic Corbicula of Sulawesis ancient lakes reproduce sexually, offering a uniquely reliable system for mitochondrial population genetics. This study provides the first population-genetic framework for two endemic species, Corbicula possoensis (Lake Poso) and C. linduensis (Lake Lindu), using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) marker. We analysed 90 newly generated COI sequences from C. possoensis (six stations) and C. linduensis (three stations), integrated with reference sequences from GenBank, to assess genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogeographic patterns. Hierarchical AMOVA revealed deep divergence between the two lakes ({Phi}_CT = 0.607), consistent with prolonged independent isolation rather than a single shared vicariance event, as the two species do not form a sister pair in the phylogeny. Within Lake Poso, C. possoensis exhibited exceptionally high genetic diversity (24 haplotypes; h = 0.876; {pi} = 0.016) and pronounced micro-geographic structuring into three phylogeographic zones (North: Tentena and Siuri; East: Tando Nceppo and Busogo Beach; Southwest: Bancea and Pendolo), each characterised by distinct haplogroups. Remarkably, the maximum divergence between zones (K2P = 2.33%) approached the interspecific distance between C. possoensis and C. linduensis (K2P = 2.42%), indicating that within-lake mitochondrial divergence has reached near-interspecific levels. Conversely, C. linduensis displayed near-panmixia and extreme genetic depauperation (3 haplotypes; h = 0.246; {pi} = 0.0004), indicating long-term demographic stasis within a restricted habitat. The deep phylogeographic zonation in C. possoensis suggests that its discrete populations should be treated as separate Management Units (MUs) in conservation planning to preserve locally adapted gene complexes, whereas the severely depauperate gene pool of C. linduensis renders it critically vulnerable to environmental disturbance and invasive species, warranting urgent IUCN Red List assessment. To validate these mitochondrial boundaries and inform future conservation strategies, multi-marker and genome-wide reassessments are strongly recommended.