epitope1D: Accurate Taxonomy-Aware B-Cell Linear Epitope Prediction

Abstract

The ability to identify B-cell epitopes is an essential step in vaccine design, immunodiagnostic tests, and antibody production. Several computational approaches have been proposed to identify, from an antigen protein, which residues are likely to be part of an epitope, but have limited performance on relatively homogeneous data sets and lack interpretability, limiting biological insights that could be derived. To address these limitations, we have developed epitope1D, an explainable machine learning method capable of accurately identifying linear B-cell epitopes, leveraging two new descriptors: a graph-based signature representation of protein sequences, based on our well established CSM (Cutoff Scanning Matrix) algorithm and Organism Ontology information. Our model achieved Area Under the ROC curve of up to 0.935 on cross-validation and blind tests, demonstrating robust performance and outperforming state-of-the-art tools. epitope1D has been made available as a user-friendly web server interface and API at http://biosig.lab.uq.edu.au/epitope1d.