Mathematical constraints on FST: biallelic markers in arbitrarily many populations

Abstract

FST is one of the most widely used statistics in population genetics. Recent mathematical studies have identified constraints on FST that challenge interpretations of FST as a measure with potential to range from 0 for genetically similar populations to 1 for divergent populations. We generalize results obtained for population pairs to arbitrarily many populations, characterizing the mathematical relationship between FST, the frequency M of the more frequent allele at a polymorphic biallelic marker, and the number of subpopulations K. We show that for fixed K, FST has a peculiar constraint as a function of M, with a maximum of 1 only if M = i/K for integers i with {lceil}K/2{rciel} [≤] i [≤] K - 1. For fixed M, as K grows large, the range of FST becomes the full closed or half-open unit interval. For fixed K, however, some M < (K - 1)/K always exists at which the upper bound on FST is constrained to be below [Formula]. In each of three migration models--island, rectangular stepping-stone, and linear stepping-stone--we use coalescent simulations to show that under weak migration, FST depends strongly on the allele frequency M when K is small, but not when K is large. Finally, using data on human genetic variation, we employ our results to explain the generally smaller FST values between pairs of continents relative to global FST values. We discuss implications for the interpretation and use of FST.