Modeling phytoplankton-zooplankton interactions: opportunities for species richness and challenges for modern coexistence theory

Abstract

Many potential mechanisms can sustain biodiversity, but we know little about their relative importance. To compare multiple mechanisms, we modeled a two-trophic planktonic food-web based on mechanistic species interactions and empirically measured species traits. We simulated thousands of communities under realistic and altered trait distributions to assess the relative importance of three potential drivers of species richness: resource competition, predator-prey interactions, and trait trade-offs. Next, we computed niche and fitness differences of competing zooplankton to obtain a deeper understanding of how these mechanisms limit species richness. We found that predator-prey interactions were the most important driver of species richness and that fitness differences were a better predictor of species richness than niche differences. However, for many communities we could not apply modern coexistence theory to compute niche and fitness differences due to complications arising from trophic interactions. We therefore need to expand modern coexistence theory to investigate multi-trophic communities.