Genetic, Clinical, and Sociodemographic Profile in Individuals with Diagnosis or Family History of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Insights from a Prospective Cohort

Abstract

BackgroundHypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic cardiac disorder characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy without secondary causes. Diagnosis relies on imaging techniques, such as echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which show a maximal end-diastolic wall thickness [≥]15 mm in adults. Wall thicknesses of 13- 14 mm may also support the diagnosis in individuals with a family history of HCM or sudden cardiac death (SCD), factors that strongly predict positive genetic test results and guide genetic testing decisions. However, current guidelines advise against routine genetic testing in phenotype-negative relatives unless there is a confirmed genetic diagnosis in the proband or testing is directed by a cardiovascular genetics expert. This study analyzes the genetic, clinical, and epidemiological profiles of individuals with HCM (positive phenotype) or asymptomatic patients with a family history of SCD or unconfirmed HCM. MethodsWe analyzed HCM patients, as defined by the 2024 AHA/ACC/AMSSM/HRS/PACES/SCMR guideline, and asymptomatic individuals with a family history of SCD or unconfirmed HCM, performing genetic testing with a 19-gene panel to assess pathogenic mutations and implications for family screening and management. Subjects with HCM, as defined by the 2024 AHA/ACC/AMSSM/HRS/PACES/SCMR guidelines, or those with a negative phenotype but a positive family history of sudden cardiac death (SCD) or unconfirmed HCM, underwent genetic testing using a 19-gene panel associated with HCM and its phenocopies. ResultsAmong 200 participants (58% male, median age 52 years), pathogenic/probably pathogenic variants were identified in 62 (31% - [95% CI: 24.7 to 37.9]), classified as "positive genotype," 81 (40.5%) had variants of uncertain significance (VUS), and 57 (28.5%) had negative results. Of the total, 130 (65%) met ACC/AHA clinical criteria for HCM, while 70 (35%) had only a family history of SCD or unconfirmed HCM. Positive genotype rates were 37.7% in HCM-diagnosed individuals and 18.6% in those with a negative phenotype but positive family history (p = 0.006). Among positive genotypes, 77.4% involved sarcomeric genes (primarily MYH7 and MYBPC3, 79.2%), and 22.6% involved phenocopy-related genes, predominantly TTR (92.9%), linked to cardiac amyloidosis. Family history of SCD was more frequent in positive genotypes (68%) than negative genotypes (46%, p = 0.004). Median interventricular septal thickness was 17 mm in positive genotypes and 15 mm in negative genotypes (p 17 mm and a family history of SCD were strong predictors of positive genetic tests. While genetic testing should be guided by family screening and counseling, a family history of SCD or unconfirmed HCM may justify testing, especially when a pathogenic variant is identified in a family member.