ETTIN-mediated auxin signalling is an angiosperm-specific neofunctionalization for carpel development

Abstract

The phytohormone auxin affects processes throughout plant growth and development. While auxin signalling has been mainly attributed to a repressor degradation-based pathway, numerous alternative mechanisms for how auxin mediates its effect have been revealed in recent years. One such mechanism involves a direct auxin-induced switch in the transcriptional regulatory activity of the Auxin Response Factor (ARF) ETTIN (ETT). ETT lacks a conserved C-terminus domain involved in canonical pathway interactions but contains a middle region domain mediating auxin binding. As the ETT clade only exists in the angiosperms, it remains unknown when the pathway evolved. Here we provide evidence for a two-step origin of the ETT clade and its neofunctionalisation through the gain of auxin perception in gynoecium patterning. Phylogenetic analyses reveal the structural divergence of ETT and its paralogue ARF4 after their duplication from an ancestral euphyllophyte ARF3/4 clade. Auxin sensitivity was identified as an ETT-specific innovation that likely originated in the last common angiosperm ancestor. Furthermore, in planta complementation experiments demonstrated the full genetic redundancy of ETT and ARF4 in leaf and ovary development, but a specialised role for the ETT-mediated auxin signalling pathway in style development. Our work thus provides evidence that ETT was recruited from an ancestral role in leaf development and subsequently underwent neofunctionalisation through the acquisition of direct auxin sensing for a novel role in gynoecium patterning.