Phylogeography and Proline amino acid usage of Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894) populations along landscape gradients in Indonesia

Abstract

Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894) is one of mosquito-borne vector that globally distributed including Southeast Asia. Despite its wide distributions, information on phylogeography and its determinant factors influencing A. albopictus genetic diversity and speciation is still lacking, mainly in SE Asia country. Considering this, the phylogeography of A. albopictus along with its genetic attributes in Indonesia has been assessed. The results identify that there are 2 distinct clades of A. albopictus phylogeography. First clade was related to the human-mediated dissemination. Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU) shows the TTG, CTG, GTG, ACG, GCG, and GGG codons were seldom represented. While GGA, CGA, and followed by TAT, CAT, CCT, TCT, AAC, and TTC codons were common. From a total of 60 codons, 40% codon has RSCU > 1and 21.6 % has RSCU < 1. The differences between west and east part populations can be observed in proline amino acid signaled by CCT and CCC codons. In this amino acid, east A. albopictus has higher CCC than CCT codons. Since proline is functioned to provide energy for flight, then the differences of this proline related codon among A. albopictus populations were related to the landscape variations in west and east parts of Indonesia with east parts have more rugged landscape and this condition is quite demanding for aerial animal distribution since it requires more flight energy.