The Goldilocks effect of lake size on within-population diversity in stickleback

Abstract

Many generalist species consist of disparate specialized individuals, a phenomenon known as individual specialization. This within-population niche variation can stabilize population dynamics, reduce extinction risk, and alter community composition. But, we still only vaguely understand the ecological contexts that promote niche variation and its stabilizing effects. Adaptive dynamics models predict that intraspecific variation should be greater in environments with two or more equally-profitable resources, but reduced in environments dominated by one resource. Here, we confirm this prediction using a comparison of threespine stickleback in 33 lakes in on Vancouver Island, Canada. Stickleback consume a combination of benthic and limnetic invertebrates, focusing on the former in small lakes, the latter in large lakes. Intermediate-sized lakes support generalist populations, which arise via greater among-individual diet variation, not by greater individual diet breadth. These intermediate lakes exhibit correspondingly greater morphological diversity, while genomic diversity increases linearly with lake size. These results support the theoretical expectation that habitats with an intermediate ratio of resources are \"just right\" for promoting ecologically relevant intraspecific diversification.