Strengthening Global Trade Regulation Through Targeted Listings on CITES Appendix III

Abstract

Appendix III is an underutilized component of The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), comprising less than 2% (n = 519) of all listed species (January 2024). Appendix III uniquely offers unilateral protection for nationally protected species without requiring international consensus. Since CITES came into effect in 1975, 2,203 species have been added to Appendix III, including 875 endemic and 1,328 multi-country species. A total of 994 species have been delisted, mostly during CITES first decade. One-third of Appendix III species have been proposed for uplisting, with a 96% success rate and a median time of 3.3 years. Strengthening Appendix IIIs impact involves broader cooperation for species ranging from multiple countries, regular reviews, and utilizing Appendix III listings as a precursor for Appendix I and II proposals to enhance global biodiversity management.