Genetic Tools for Conservation of Keystone Neotropical Raptors

Abstract

Neotropical raptors are among the most threatened avian groups, facing increasing extinction risks due to habitat loss and human persecution. Despite their importance for ecosystem stability, basic data on their distribution, abundance, and genetic diversity remain scarce. To address these gaps, we assembled and annotated the complete mitochondrial genomes of eight high-priority raptor species from the Neotropics, including the endangered Chaco Eagle (Buteogallus coronatus), Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja), and Rufous-tailed Hawk (Buteo ventralis). Mitogenome sizes ranged from 17,848 to 20,449 bp, with consistent gene content, and a Control Region architecture common in Falconidae and Accipitridae. Phylogenetic analyses provided strong support for most relationships, highlighting the value of mitogenomic data for phylogeographic studies. We further designed in silico metabarcoding primers for environmental DNA applications. Primers targeting the 12S rRNA gene and a mini-barcode for the Harpy Eagles Control Region showed high resolution using short, conserved sequences ideal for combining degraded DNA with next-generation sequencing. These resources enable evolutionary research and non-invasive biodiversity monitoring in difficult-to-survey habitats. Overall, our study provides essential genetic tools for monitoring and protecting these ecologically vital yet threatened birds across the Americas.