Energetic analysis of Na+/K+-ATPase using bond graphs
Weiwei Ai, Peter J. Hunter, Michael Pan, David P. Nickerson
The paper develops bond graph models of Na+/K+-ATPase to analyze its energetic efficiency, showing 78% efficiency with 66% energy stored in ion gradients under physiological conditions.
Biophysical Journal · Sep 16, 2026Peer-reviewedBiophysics