Sequence-only prediction of VHH nanobody epitopes and paratopes on HER2 with a frozen protein language model ( ESM2) and a structure-derived residue prior
Dharani Babu, Sundaramurthy Pandurangan
The paper predicts HER2 epitopes and VHH paratopes from sequence alone using ESM2 and a residue prior, achieving high accuracy for binder and paratope prediction but limited epitope performance.
bioRxiv · Oct 21, 2026 · PreprintBioinformatics