First insights into restlessness as a potential novel indicator of impaired welfare in bulls fattened for meat production
Sara Hintze, Theresa Helena Wildemann, Florian Krottenthaler, Christoph Winckler
This study operationally defines restlessness in bulls as behavior transitions and quantifies it across husbandry systems, finding less restlessness in pasture systems.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science · Jun 29, 2026Peer-reviewedAnimal Behavior & Cognition