The free-living wellspring of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Bradyrhizobium
Lu Ling, Sishuo Wang, Jinjin Tao, Marjorie Pervent, Kaitlyn E. Ho, Coline Sciallano, Alicia Camuel, Nico P. Nouwen, Éric Giraud, Haiwei Luo
This paper identifies free-living Bradyrhizobium as the ancestral state of nitrogen fixation, showing that symbiotic nitrogen fixation evolved multiple times independently from free-living ancestors.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · Jul 27, 2026Peer-reviewedMicrobiology