Mothers face immediate, but family-size dependent, costs of sons in preindustrial Finland
Euan A. Young, León van Dorp, Mirkka Lahdenperä, Virpi Lummaa, Hannah L. Dugdale
This study examines the survival costs of sons for mothers in preindustrial Finland, finding increased short-term survival risks with more sons at higher family sizes.
bioRxiv · Apr 10, 2026 · PreprintEvolutionary Biology