Associations between canine temperament and salivary levels of cortisol and serotonin
Youngwook Jung, Yu-Jin Song, Ka-Young Yang, Kyongwon Yoo, Youngtae Heo, Minjung Yoon
This study links canine temperament scores to salivary cortisol and serotonin levels, showing negative correlations between cortisol and temperament scores, and positive associations between serotonin and higher scores.
bioRxiv · Nov 16, 2025 · PreprintPhysiology