Tryptophan became part of the universal genetic code post-LUCA
Sawsan Wehbi, Nhan Ly-Trong, Andrew L. Wheeler, Bùi Quang Minh, Dante S. LAURETTA, Joanna Masel
The paper investigates whether tryptophan was present in LUCA by analyzing the evolution of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and finds that W usage originated in Bacteria with later horizontal transfer to Archaea.
bioRxiv · Jun 20, 2026 · PreprintEvolutionary Biology