Host-initiated microbial association leads to stable ectosymbiosis in an ecological model
Nandakishor Krishnan, István Zachar, Ádám Kun, Chaitanya S. Gokhale, József Garay
This paper uses a mathematical model to show that reduced inhibition and strong metabolic activity can stabilize ectosymbiosis between microbes, supporting the idea that syntrophy can lead to physical integration.
PLoS Computational Biology · Sep 2, 2026Peer-reviewedEvolutionary Biology