A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Biological Sex Differences in Sleep Spindles and Slow Wave Activity in Adults with and without Insomnia
Nyissa A. Walsh, Emma-Maria Phillips, Arsenio Páez, Nathan E. Cross, Thien Thanh Dang‐Vu, Aurore A. Perrault
This paper reviews and meta-analyzes studies on sex differences in sleep spindles and slow wave activity in adults with and without insomnia, finding sex-based variations in spindle density and power but limited interaction effects.
Journal of Sleep Research · Jun 22, 2026Peer-reviewedNeuroscience