Environmental impact of integrating decentralized urine treatment in the urban wastewater management system: A comparative life cycle assessment
Hanson Appiah-Twum, Tim Van Winckel, Julia Santolin, Jolien De Paepe, Stefanie Hellweg, Tove A. Larsen, Kai M. Udert, Siegfried Elias Vlaeminck, Marc Spiller
This study compares the environmental impact of hybrid urine treatment systems with centralized wastewater treatment plants using life cycle assessment, finding some hybrids reduce impacts in most categories but increase others.
Water Research · Apr 23, 2025Peer-reviewedEcology