Time to Potential Collision: A Dynamic Approach To Study Vessel-Whale Close Encounters
Rita Santos, Cláudia Oliveira-Rodrigues, Iolanda M. Silva, Raúl Valente, Luís Afonso, Ágatha Gil, Catarina Vinagre, Annalisa Sambolino, Marc Fernández, Filipe Alves, Isabel Sousa-Pinto, Ana Mafalda Correia
This study redefines and quantifies close encounters (CEs) between vessels and whales in the Eastern North Atlantic using Time to Potential Collision (TPC) as a dynamic metric, finding that TPC is influenced by species, vessel type, weather, and observer experience.
bioRxiv · Mar 25, 2026 · PreprintEcology