Dark diversity illuminates the dim side of conservation and restoration

1 Dark diversity is a promising concept for prioritizing management efforts as it focuses on missing species, i.e., species present in the regional pool, but locally absent despite suitable environmental conditions. 2 We applied the concept to a massive national plant diversity database (236,923 records from 15,160 surveys involving 564 species) to provide the first geographically comprehensive assessment of dark diversity across a large area (43,000 km2), at a spatial scale (~75 m2) relevant for conservation and restoration planning and across multiple terrestrial habitats, thus maximising its practical application potential. The likelihood for a given plant species to belong to the dark diversity pool was computed and logistically regressed against its ecological preferences (nutrient availability, pH etc.), strategies (competitor, stress tolerance, ruderal), mycorrhizal dependence and infection percentage, seed mass and maximum dispersal distance. 3 Forty-six percent of the species were absent in >95 % of the suitable sites, whereas 7 % of the species were absent in less than 60 % of sites that were deemed suitable. 4 Species that were more likely to belong to the dark diversity tended to depend on mycorrhiza, were mostly adapted to low light and nutrient levels, had poor dispersal abilities, were ruderals and had a low stress tolerance. Synthesis and applications Our findings have important implications for the planning and management of natural ecosystems requiring detailed knowledge of what triggers the presence/absence of individual plant species in a seemingly suitable habitat. We conclude that practitioners may need to carefully consider mycorrhizal inoculations with a suitable assemblage of fungi for certain plant species to become established. Also assisted migration might be necessary to help poor dispersers although spatial and temporal processes are also important to have in mind. Finally, it is important to vary nutrient loads making room for plant species to colonise both nutrient-poor and nutrient-rich localities.