Update and Expansion of the Distribution of the Maldonado Redbelly Toad, Melanophryniscus moreirae Gallardo 1966, in Southeast Brazil, Using Citizen Science Data

Abstract

Melanophryniscus moreirae is a diurnal species endemic to the high-altitude grasslands of the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range, currently classified as "Near Threatened" (NT) by the IUCN. Knowledge about its distribution and natural history is fundamental for conservation plans, especially in the face of the threats of climate change. This study presents a new record of the species in the state of Sao Paulo, at an altitude of 1,904 m, expanding the known distribution in the southwestern portion of the Serra da Mantiqueira. In addition to fieldwork, a spatial and temporal review of data available on the GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) platform was carried out. The temporal analysis confirmed observation peaks in November, coinciding with the reproductive period, and an absence of records in the colder months, consistent with the species dormancy behavior. The study demonstrates that the integration of citizen science data, when properly validated, is an effective tool to fill knowledge gaps about biodiversity and assist in the monitoring of threatened species.