Riemannian Metric Learning for Alignment of Spatial Multiomics

Abstract

Recent spatial technologies measure the transcriptome, epigenome, proteome, metabolome and other modalities from thousands of cells across a tissue. Most assays typically profile only one modality from a tissue slice, raising the question of how to align spatial data from heterogeneous feature spaces. While multiple approaches have been developed for multi-modal integration of single-cell datasets, few existing techniques perform spatial alignment across arbitrary modalities incorporating both spatial and feature information. We introduce Manifold Gromov-Wasserstein (MGW), a metric-learning framework that exploits the product structure of spatial multiomics to infer modality-specific Riemannian pull-back metrics with neural fields. MGW aligns Riemannian distances induced by these metrics via Gromov-Wasserstein optimal transport, yielding a hyperparameter-free cost across arbitrary modalities sharing a spatial base. The formulation enjoys theoretical invariances - including orthogonal transformations of the spatial and feature domains as well as global feature scalings. We demonstrate the advantages of MGW on multiple alignment tasks, including Stereo-Seq spatiotemporal transcriptomics of mouse embryo, Xenium and Visium spatial transcriptomics of colorectal cancer, and spatial metabolomics-transcriptomics from human striatum and kidney cancer. MGW recovers biologically meaningful correspondences and spatially coherent tissue structures, outperforming existing OT- and non-OT-based multi-modal baselines. Code availabilitySoftware is available at https://github.com/raphael-group/MGW