The interplay between motor cost and self-efficacy related to walking across terrain in gaze and walking decisions

Movement-related decisions, such as where to step and which path to take, happen throughout each day. Shifts in gaze serve to extract task-relevant information necessary to make these decisions. We are only beginning to appreciate the factors that affect this information-seeking gaze behaviour. Here, we aimed to determine how a persons belief in their ability to perform an action (i.e., self-efficacy) affected gaze and path choice when choosing between walking paths with different terrains and/or lengths (reflecting different energetic costs). We demonstrated that, when manipulated separately (i.e., paths had different lengths or different terrains), participants looked longer and more frequently and chose the paths with either less expected energetic cost or those for which they had a higher self-efficacy rating. When encountering environments where paths differed in both length and terrain, participants directed gaze progressively more to the longer path as the self-efficacy rating of this path increased and the disparity in rating with the shorter (less costly) path grew; they also chose the higher-rated path more frequently regardless of path length. These results provide evidence for a contribution of self-efficacy and energetic cost in guiding gaze and walking decisions. Interestingly, self-efficacy beliefs appear to play a more dominant role in both behaviours.