Funneliformis mosseae and Pseudomonas putida-symbiotic interaction promote drought resilience in Citrus reticulata

Abstract

Climate change and increasing drought conditions significantly impedes citrus productivity in subtropical and tropical regions. This study explores the potential of combining arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Funneliformis mosseae and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Pseudomonas putida to mitigate drought resilience in Citrus reticulata (Red tangerine). AMF-mediated drought tolerance has been extensively documented; however, the collegial influence of PGPR and AMF on phytohormone signaling, photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient acquisition, and gene expression remains largely unexplored in citrus. We conducted a greenhouse experiment under both well water and drought stress conditions to assess the physiological and molecular responses to individual and co-inoculation with PGPR and AMF. Drought-stressed citrus plants, inoculated with AMF and PGPR, demonstrated significantly improved leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, carbon assimilation, and antioxidant defense. PGPR-AMF co-inoculation enhanced chlorophyll stability, osmotic adjustment, and nutrient uptake, while significantly reducing lipid peroxidation and ROS accumulation. The turquoise module emerged from transcriptomic and gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) as a potential key regulator of stress adaptation, revealed key regulatory transcription factors, e.g., CrMYB4, CrZFP8, CrSOS5, CrRGFR2, and CrQUA1, that were upregulated under combined inoculation, highlighting their potential role in stress adaptation. Our findings demonstrate that the synergistic PGPR-AMF interaction improves antioxidant enzyme activities and modulates gene expression to promote drought tolerance, providing new insights into the microbiomes role in plant resilience. These results offer a potential strategy to boost citrus growth and yield under water scarcity, with broad implications for agricultural resilience to climate change.