Local extinction of a montane, endemic grassland bird driven by landscape change across its global distribution

ContextTropical montane habitats support high biodiversity, and are hotspots of endemism, with grasslands being integral components of many such landscapes. The montane grasslands of the Western Ghats have seen extensive land-use change over anthropogenic timescales. The factors influencing the ability of grassland-dependent species to persist in habitats experiencing loss and fragmentation, particularly in montane grasslands, are poorly known.\n\nObjectivesWe studied the relationship between the Nilgiri pipit Anthus nilghiriensis, a threatened endemic bird that typifies these montane grasslands, and its habitat, across most of its global distribution. We examined what habitat features make remnants viable habitat, which is necessary for effective management.\n\nMethodsWe conducted 663 surveys in 170 sites and used both single-season occupancy modelling and N-mixture modelling to account for processes influencing detection, presence, and abundance.\n\nResultsElevation had a positive influence on species presence, patch size had a moderate positive influence and patch isolation a moderate negative influence. Species abundance was positively influenced by elevation and characteristics related to habitat structure, and negatively influenced by the presence of invasive woody vegetation.\n\nConclusionsThe strong effect of elevation on the highly range-restricted Nilgiri pipit makes it vulnerable to, and an indicator of, climate change. This highly range-restricted species is locally extinct at several locations and persists at low densities in remnants of recent fragmentation, suggesting an extinction debt. Our findings indicate a need to control and reverse the spread of exotic woody invasives to preserve the grasslands themselves and the specialist species dependent upon them.