Chromosomal Fusions and Evolutionary Forces: Exploring theNeo-Sex Chromosome System of Anolis distichus

Abstract

The evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes differ from autosomes due to their unique pattern of in-heritance and regions of hemizygosity in non-recombining areas. However, the study of sex chromosomes and sex-linked gene evolution has been limited by the rarity of truly novel sex chromosome complements in model systems. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing have enabled the identification of neo-sex chromosomes, created by the fission or fusion of autosomes with sex chromosomes, providing a new avenue to investigate the dynamics of sex chromosome evolution. Squamate reptiles, particularly Anolis lizards, are an excellent system for studying the consequences of sex-linkage due to their frequent sex chromosome-autosome fusions. The Hispaniolan Bark Anole, Anolis distichus, has experienced two sex chromosome and autosome fusions that led to a multiple sex chromosome system (X1X2Y). We present a high-quality whole-genome assembly and annotation of a male A. distichus (X1X2Y), enabling a detailed analysis of all three of its neo-sex chromosomes. We identify scaffolds associated with X1, X2, and Y chromosomes using an integra-tive approach and estimate degeneration and selection strength. Our results support long-held theories of differential evolutionary pressures in sex chromosomes, such as the Fast X effect and Y degeneration. Additionally, we find that chromosome 12 has become sex-linked independently in two different Anolis species, suggesting that some autosomes may be more likely to become sex-linked. Altogether, our genome adds to the diversity of available taxa sequenced and enables novel comparative analyses in a variety of fields, including speciation, chromosomal synteny, and sex chromosome evolution.