Genetic erosion and projected habitat loss in the protected Alpine moth Actias isabellae galliaegloria (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Abstract

O_LIMontane and specialist insects are particularly vulnerable to habitat loss and climate change. The Spanish Moon Moth (Actias isabellae), a rare and protected species, hosts an isolated Alpine population (subspecies galliaegloria) whose conservation status remains unclear. C_LIO_LIWe combined Restriction-site Associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) and Ecological Niche Modelling (ENM) to assess its genetic diversity, population structure, and environmental vulnerability. C_LIO_LIGenomic analyses revealed extremely low genetic diversity and inbreeding in the Alpine subspecies, consistent with a historical bottleneck, reducing adaptive potential. C_LIO_LISpecies distribution models predict a major contraction of suitable habitat by 2050 due to rising temperatures and declines in its primary host, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). C_LIO_LIThese findings highlight the compounded risks posed by genetic impoverishment and habitat loss, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted conservation measures. C_LIO_LIOur study demonstrates the value of integrating genomic and ecological approaches to evaluate extinction risk and guide management strategies for montane specialist insects under rapid environmental change. C_LI