New minimally invasive techniques for sample collection in Antarctic seals

Abstract

Remote or minimally invasive sampling techniques are essential in wildlife research, particularly for Antarctic seals. These methods reduce handling time, minimize animal stress, and improve biosecurity by preventing pathogen transmission, especially relevant during the current outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza affecting Antarctic megafauna. Research on ice-dependent seals is logistically challenging and often requires chemical immobilization, which is costly, time-consuming, and poses risks to both animals and researchers. To overcome these limitations, we developed a simple, low-cost remote sampling device to collect nasal swabs from seals without physical contact. The device consists of a telescopic pole with a swab attached to its end. Researchers approached seals resting on ice floes or land using inflatable boats, without disembarking, thus minimizing field exposure. Over ten days, we collected ten nasal swabs from leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx, n=4), Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii, n=4), and southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina, n=2). All samples tested negative for avian influenza virus (INF-A) using RT-qPCR. This methodology is adaptable to various species and conditions, requires minimal equipment, and can be implemented by small teams. It provides a safe, efficient tool for disease surveillance in remote polar environments, advancing marine mammal research while minimizing disturbance to wildlife.