Individual differences in the effects of musical familiarity and musical features on brain activity during relaxation

Abstract

Finding a way to relax is increasingly difficult in our overstimulating modern society and chronic stress can have severe psychological and physiological consequences. Music is a promising tool to promote relaxation by lowering heart rate, modulating mood and thoughts, and providing a sense of safety. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate how music influence brain activity during relaxation with a particular focus on the participants experience of different types of music. In a 2x2 design, 57 participants were scanned while rating how relaxed they felt after listening to 28-second excerpts of either familiar or unfamiliar relaxation music with calm or energetic features. Behaviourally, calm music was the strongest predictor of relaxation, followed by familiar music. fMRI results revealed activations of auditory, motor, emotion, and memory areas, for listening to familiar compared to unfamiliar music. This suggests increased audio-motor synchronization and participant engagement of known music. Listening to unfamiliar music was correlated with attention-related brain activity, suggesting increased attentional load for this music. Behaviourally, we identified four clusters of participants based on their relaxation response to the different types of music. These groups also displayed distinct auditory and motor activity patterns, suggesting that the behavioural responses are linked to changes in music processing. Interestingly, some individuals found energetic music to be relaxing if it is familiar, whereas others only found calm music to be relaxing. Such individual behavioural and neurological differences in relaxation responses to music emphasise the importance of developing personalised music-based interventions. Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=123 SRC="FIGDIR/small/625650v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (42K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@34ccc0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6e7f84org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@75d428org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bb999d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG Highlights- Participants listen to relaxation tracks varying in familiarity and energy levels - Sedative music followed by familiar music increased relaxation ratings the most - Auditory, motor, memory and attention activations depending on the music type - 4 distinct clusters of behavioural responses to familiar or sedative music - These groups are also present in brain activity