Disparities in climate risk-mitigation and recreation services in Grenoble (France)

Urban green spaces provide cultural and climate risk-mitigation ecosystem services (ES) critical for the well-being of urban residents. Yet these benefits are not equally shared across social groups, and environmental segregation - i.e., the spatial separation of population groups between areas of contrasted environmental quality - is common. For instance, environmental justice studies have shown that green space acreage and quality are typically lower in low-income neighbourhoods. However, more detailed assessments integrating a range of ES and the diverse needs of multiple groups are needed to effectively inform equitable urban planning. Here, we combine socio-demographic spatial data with ES modelling to assess social disparities in the distribution of three ES - heatwave mitigation, flood regulation, and urban recreation - in the Grenoble metropolitan area, France. Our results show that low-income households generally benefit from lower climate risk mitigation, but from equal or slightly greater urban recreation opportunities. We also identify mismatches between ES supply and demand from vulnerable groups, which are particularly acute in disadvantaged neighborhoods. These findings highlight the importance of integrating social needs and vulnerabilities into urban greening strategies. Policies that move beyond generic measures of green space provision and explicitly consider multiple ES can help ensure that urban green infrastructure delivers fair and effective benefits across diverse communities.