Takeoff dynamics are stereotyped across jumping spiders

Abstract

Jumping is a challenging locomotive mode, requiring rapid force generation and precise coordination of multiple limbs. Many animals meet this challenge using elastic mechanisms that store and rapidly release energy. Jumping spiders (Salticidae), however, rely on a semi-hydraulic system that constrains how their legs can generate propulsion. Much about how these spiders reliably generate jumps within these mechanical constraints remains unknown. Here, we analyze 46 individuals spanning 14 genera and significant morphological diversity and show that this physically constrained system is coupled to a remarkably stereotyped coordination strategy. Whole-body kinematics and novel graph-based analyses of inter-limb coordination reveal a stereotyped two-stage takeoff sequence: a "swing" driven by extension of the fourth legs, followed by a rapid "fling" by the third legs that generates propulsion for takeoff. We further demonstrate that this pattern is preserved beyond Amazonian species, persisting in salticids from North America and Australia. Our results suggest that physical and biomechanical constraints may canalize locomotor evolution toward a common dynamical solution.