Connectivity patterns predictive of cognition, but not affect, reflect a segregated intrinsic network architecture

The brains intrinsic organization into resting-state networks has long been suggested to be fundamental for the offline support of mental processes. Extensive task-based evidence support the relevance of the crosstalk between network segregation, supporting systems specialization, and network integration, allowing to flexibly implement complex behavior. However, only scarce evidence focusing on few behavioral measures directly link changes in these network properties at rest with interindividual differences in behavior. In this work, using a comprehensive set of behavioral measures together with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging from the human connectome project, we assessed whether connectivity patterns predictive of behavior reflected segregation or integration based on GINNA, a 33 resting-state-networks atlas with cognitive characterization. We found that connectivity relevant for behavior organizes into 3 main latent dimensions, summarizing Cognition, Positive Affect and Negative Affect. Crucially, we found that connectivity predictive of Cognition, but not Affect, was associated with global network segregation and reduced network integration. We further reveal differential resting-state-networks involvements, with Cognition associated with the segregation of higher-level resting-state-networks, and the integration of lower-level, visual networks. All in all, the present results suggest that cognition may rest upon a segregated, modular intrinsic brain architecture. Author summaryHow psychological processes are maintained when the brain is not engaged in an explicit task remains unclear. Resting-state networks offer a candidate intrinsic architecture, but whether interindividual differences in diverse behavioral domains relate to this architecture in similar ways is unknown. We combined Human Connectome Project resting-state fMRI with 58 behavioral measures to identify functional connectivity patterns predictive of behavior and examine how they relate to network segregation and integration. These patterns organized into three latent dimensions summarizing Cognition, Positive Affect, and Negative Affect. Cognition-related patterns aligned with a segregated intrinsic architecture, showing stronger within-network and weaker between-network connectivity, particularly among higher-order resting-state networks, with complementary integration of visual networks. Affective patterns showed less consistent network signatures, suggesting a more distributed or context-dependent intrinsic organization.