De novo genome assemblies of threatened Asian hornbills (Bucerotidae) reveal declining population trajectories during the late Pleistocene

2.Asian hornbills are flagship species of the wet tropics that face significant threats from hunting, habitat loss, and fragmentation. Despite being conservation flagships, whole genome information is available for only two of the 32 Asian hornbill species. In this study, we provide the first de novo genome assemblies for four hornbill species (Bucerotidae) in Asia. We present hybrid genome assemblies for Buceros bicornis and Rhyticeros undulatus, and short-read genomes for Anthracoceros coronatus, and Aceros nipalensis. The genome sizes of these hornbills range from 1.1 Gb to 1.3 Gb with over 93% completeness and gene prediction BUSCO. We also provide annotated mitogenomes for each of these species. Furthermore, we estimated Pleistocene population trajectories for these four species, which vary in their habitat preferences. Our results indicate that Pleistocene climatic fluctuations have led to dramatic population declines in all four species. We believe that this study provides robust genomic resources to support future conservation genomics efforts for hornbills.