Predictive and robust gene selection for spatial transcriptomics

Abstract

A prominent trend in single-cell transcriptomics is providing spatial context alongside a characterization of each cells molecular state. This typically requires targeting an a priori selection of genes, often covering less than 1% of the genome, and a key question is how to optimally determine the small gene panel. Reference data from these methods covering the whole genome is unavailable, and using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets as a surrogate can result in suboptimal gene panels due to the fundamentally different data distributions across technologies. We address these challenges by introducing a flexible deep learning framework, PERSIST, to identify informative gene targets for spatial transcriptomics studies by leveraging existing scRNA-seq data. Using datasets spanning different brain regions, species, and scRNA-seq technologies, we show that PERSIST reliably identifies gene panels that provide more accurate prediction of the genome-wide expression profile, thereby capturing more information with fewer genes. Furthermore, PERSIST can be adapted to meet specific biological goals, such as classifying cell types or discerning neuronal electrical properties. Finally, via a simulation study based on a recent in situ hybridization-based dataset, we demonstrate that PERSISTs binarization of gene expression levels enables models trained on scRNA-seq data to generalize with input data obtained using spatial transcriptomics, despite the complex domain shift between these technologies.