Force Generation by Enhanced Diffusion in Enzyme-Loaded Vesicles

Recent experiments have shown that the diffusion coefficient of some metabolic enzymes increases with the concentration of their cognate substrate, a phenomenon known as enhanced diffusion. In the presence of substrate gradients, enhanced diffusion induces enzymatic drift, resulting in a non-homogeneous enzyme distribution. Here, we study the effects of enhanced diffusion on enzyme-loaded vesicles placed in external substrate gradients using a combination of computer simulations and analytical modeling. We observe that the spatially inhomogeneous enzyme profiles generated by enhanced diffusion result in a pressure gradient across the vesicle, which leads to macroscopically observable effects, such as deformation and self-propulsion of the vesicle. Our analytical model allows us to characterize dependence of the velocity of propulsion on experimentally tunable parameters. The effects predicted by our work provide an avenue for further validation of enhanced diffusion, and might be leveraged for the design of novel synthetic cargo transporters, such as targeted drug delivery systems.