Deactivation and Collective Phasic Muscular Tuning for Pointing Direction: Insights from Machine Learning

Abstract

Arm movements in our daily lives have to be adjusted for several factors in response to the demands of the environment, for example, speed, direction or distance. Previously, we had shown that arm movement kinematics is optimally tuned to take advantage of gravity effects and minimize muscle effort in various pointing directions and gravity contexts (Gaveau et al., 2016). Here we build upon these results and focus on muscular adjustments. We used Machine Learning to analyze the ensemble activities of multiple muscles recorded during pointing in various directions. The advantage of such a technique would be the observation of patterns in collective muscular activity that may not be noticed using univariate statistics. By providing an index of multimuscle activity, the Machine Learning analysis brought to light several features of tuning for pointing direction. In attempting to trace tuning curves, all comparisons were done with respects to pointing in the horizontal, gravity free plane. We demonstrated that tuning for direction does not take place in a uniform fashion but in a modular manner in which some muscle groups play a primary role. The antigravity muscles were more finely tuned to pointing direction than the gravity muscles. Of note, was their tuning during the first half of downward pointing. As the antigravity muscles were deactivated during this phase, it supported the idea that deactivation is not an on-off function but is tuned to pointing direction. Further support for the tuning of the portions of the phasic EMG containing only negative activity was provided by progressively improving classification accuracies with increasing angular distance from the horizontal. Overall, these results show that the motor system tunes muscle commands to exploit gravity effects and reduce muscular effort. It quantitatively demonstrates that phasic EMG negativity is an essential feature of muscle control.