The transitivity of the Hardy-Weinberg law

Abstract

The reduction of multi-allelic polymorphisms to variants with fewer alleles, two in the limit, is addressed. The Hardy-Weinberg law is shown to be transitive in the sense that a multi-allelic polymorphism that is in equilibrium will retain its equilibrium status if any allele together with its corresponding genotypes is deleted from the population. Similarly, the transitivity principle also applies if alleles are joined, which leads to the summation of allele frequencies and their corresponding genotype frequencies. These basic polymorphism properties are intuitive, but they have apparently not been formalized or investigated. This article provides a straightforward proof of the transitivity principle, and its usefulness in practical genetic data analysis with multi-allelic markers is explored. In general, results of statistical tests for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium obtained with polymorphisms that are reduced by deletion or joining of alleles are seen to be consistent with the formulated transitivity principle. We also show how the transitivity principle allows one to identify equilibrium-offending alleles, and how it can provide clues to genotyping problems and evolutionary changes. For microsatellites, which are widely used in forensics, the transitivity principle implies one expects similar results for statistical tests that use length-based and sequence-based alleles. High-quality autosomal microsatellite databases of the US National Institute of Standards and Technology are used to illustrate the use of the transitivity principle in testing both length-based and sequence-based microsatellites for Hardy-Weinberg proportions. Test results for Hardy-Weinberg proportions for the two types of microsatellites are seen to be largely consistent and can detect allele imbalance.