Within-subject daily rhythmicity and longitudinal stability of hunger, satiety, and physiological markers

Abstract

Hunger and satiety are interoceptions involved in the control of food intake. How they change across the day and from one day to the next, as well as their relationships with physiological parameters, remain poorly understood. In a five-day laboratory study, twenty healthy male participants (24.2 {+/-} 3.3 years) were given three meals per day (breakfast, lunch, dinner), at times based on each individuals internal time. Subjects had an 8-h sleep opportunity at night recorded by polysomnography, during which time they were exposed to 4 different light intensities (0, 3, 8, or 20 lux). Hunger and satiety were assessed before and after each meal. Heart rate was measured continuously and glucose levels were sampled every 15 minutes. We found that: 1) Hunger and satiety varied dynamically with the lowest levels at breakfast and the highest at lunch and dinner (p < 0.01); 2) the intensity of hunger and satiety remained stable across the five experimental days, and were subject-dependent; 3) Heart rate was higher after than before meals (p < 0.0001), and higher around breakfast than dinner; 4) Glycemia before and after meals was respectively stable throughout the day and over the study period; 5) Interoception was correlated with fluctuations in heart rate, glucose levels and sleep duration. Overall, our results reveal that hunger and satiety perception are individual characteristics. To better understand the role of interoception in food intake control, both hunger and satiety should be measured, but separately in their respective states.