Genomic plasticity of the Azospirillum genus in a biotechnological context

Abstract

Extensive agriculture and the use of chemical fertilizers cause notable environmental impacts on multiple levels, from reducing soil microbiota diversity to groundwater contamination. In this context, the usage of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) presents a sustainable alternative to enhance crop production while mitigating these adverse effects. Azospirillum, a bacterial genus renowned for its beneficial capabilities, particularly phytohormone production, is a key component of many commercial inoculants. In this work, we performed a comparative genomic analysis of all publicly available Azospirillum genomes and four novel isolates belonging to our microbial collection. Our analysis identified a species complex within the genus, which we designate the A. brasilense species complex, comprising species already used in commercial bioconsortia. This complex is characterized by a core set of exclusive genes linked to chemotaxis and host-recognition capability. Furthermore, we also validated the biosafety of the A. brasilense species complex and confirmed the plant growth-promoting potential of our novel isolates, highlighting their suitability for developing new biofertilizers.