\"Visual\" Cortices of Congenitally Blind Adults Respond to Executive Demands

How functionally flexible is human cortex? In congenitally blind individuals, \"visual\" cortices are active during auditory and tactile tasks. The cognitive role of these responses and the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. A dominant view is that, in blindness, \"visual\" cortices process information from low-level auditory and somatosensory systems. An alternative hypothesis is that higher-cognitive fronto-parietal systems take over \"visual\" cortices. We report that, in congenitally blind individuals, right-lateralized \"visual\" cortex responds to executiveload in a go/no-go task. These right-lateralized occipital cortices of blind, but not sighted, individuals mirrored the executive-function pattern observed in fronto-parietal systems. In blindness, the same \"visual\" cortex area, at rest, also increases its synchronization with prefrontal executive control regions and decreases its synchronization with auditory and sensorimotor cortices. These results support the hypothesis of top-down fronto-parietal takeover of \"visual\" cortices, and suggest that human cortex is highly flexible at birth.