Defining a functional hierarchy of millisecond time: from visual stimulus processing to duration perception

The neural processing of subsecond durations recruits a wide network of areas. Although unimodal tuning has been shown in many of these regions, its role and link to perception remain unclear. Here, we used 7T functional MRI while participants performed a visual duration discrimination task to characterize unimodal responses along the cortical hierarchy. We found topographically-organized neuronal populations tuned to all presented durations in parietal and premotor cortices, and in the caudal supplementary motor area (SMA). In contrast, rostral SMA, inferior frontal cortex, and anterior insula showed neuronal preferences centered around the mean duration, which correlated with the boundary duration participants employed in the task. These differences suggest specialized roles of duration tuning across cortical regions --from discrete to categorical and subjective duration representations. Finally, correlations of neuronal preferences across areas highlighted a hierarchical organization of duration tuning. Together, our findings provide a mechanistic framework for duration perception in vision.