Dynamic trait distribution as a source for shifts in interaction strength and population density

Abstract

Intraspecific trait variation has been increasingly recognized as an important factor in determining species interaction and diversity. Eco-evolutionary models have studied the distribution of trait values within a population that changes over the generations as a result of selection and heritability. Non-heritable traits that can change within the lifetime, such as behavior, can cause trait-mediated indirect effects, often studied by modeling the dynamics of a homogeneous trait. Complementary to these two approaches, we study the distribution of traits within a population and its dynamics on short timescales due to ecological processes. We consider several mechanisms by which the trait distribution can shift dynamically: phenotypic plasticity within each individual, differential growth among individuals, and preferential consumption by the predator. Through a simple predator-prey model that explicitly tracks the trait distribution within the prey, we illustrate some unusual consequences of trait shifts, including the healthy herd effect and the emergent promotion of the prey by the predator. We analyze the cause of these phenomena by identifying the density and trait effects from the predator. Our results show that intraspecific trait variation and the dynamics of its distribution can lead to the modification of species interactions and result in outcomes that are otherwise unexpected.