Future Range Shifts and Diversity Patterns of Antarctic Lecideoid Lichens Under Climate Change Scenarios

Abstract

Being uniquely adapted to extreme environmental conditions, rock-dwelling lecideoid lichens are a diverse and major component of terrestrial vegetation in Antarctica. Climate change is reshaping Antarctic ecosystems, forcing cold-adapted species to migrate to maintain their climatic niche. The study surveyed the circum Antarctic lecideoid lichen diversity and modelled the impacts of two climate change scenarios on their distributional range shifts across Antarctica. Myco- and photobiont symbionts of lecideoid lichen species from a circum-Antarctic sampling were classified using classical barcoding methods. The climatic niches of nine common mycobiont species and four photobiont OTUs were modelled, and range shifts were projected across four Antarctic bioregions under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways: (a) SSP1-2.6: sustainable development (2.6 Wm-2, +3{degrees}C) and (b) SSP5-8.5: continued dependence on fossil fuels (8.5 Wm-2, +5.1{degrees}C). DNA barcoding revealed altogether 34 species of lecideoid lichens and 9 photobiont OTUs for the Antarctic continent. In addition to the already known lichen species in Antarctica, three newly detected species of the genus Lecidella could be identified. The calculated climate change scenarios across bioregions predict greater range expansion for mycobiont species and photobiont OTUs than climate-induced habitat loss. While niche contraction is expected in maritime Antarctica, species distributions are expected to expand in continental regions, primarily due to inland shifts. These inland areas may serve as emerging climatic refugia for certain mycobiont species. Overall, these results suggest that, under future warming, lecideoid lichens undergo an overall range expansion, particularly in previously uncolonized inland areas in continental Antarctica.