Trophic specialization enhances growth performance in larvae of southern bluefin, albacore, and skipjack tunas from the eastern Indian Ocean

Abstract

We examined trophic ecology and its influence on larval growth variability for three scombrids, southern bluefin (Thunnus maccoyii, SBT), albacore (T. alalunga, ALB), and skipjack tunas (Katsuwonus pelamis, SKJ), that share a common spawning ground in the eastern Indian Ocean. We combined otolith-based ageing with bulk nitrogen and carbon stable isotope analysis (SIA) of individual larvae. Significant interspecific differences in {delta}{superscript 1}N and {delta}{superscript 1}3C indicate adaptive resource partitioning that allows these tunas to coexist during early ontogeny. Trophic position and isotopic niche were estimated with both frequentist and Bayesian approaches, enabling the evaluation of ontogenetic isotope shifts, niche overlap, and resource use in relation to growth. ALB grew fastest had the highest trophic position, and the broadest isotopic niche. Optimally growing tuna larvae occupied the narrowest trophic niche and had lower trophic positions for all three species, supporting the hypothesis that strong trophic specialization supports better growth performance, and that feeding on more efficient shorter food chains (e.g., microbial loop via appendicularians) can enhance larval fitness. Using lower C:N ratio as a proxy of larval condition, found in optimal growing groups, supports the broader hypothesis that growth potential is closely tied to energy allocation strategies during early ontogeny. A detailed understanding of how larval trophodynamics, niche breadth, and resource partitioning interact with growth and survival during these vulnerable stages is essential for ecosystem-based management, particularly in systems where growth rate modulates predation risk and competitive fitness.