Beyond planar: fish schools adopt ladder formations in 3D
Hungtang Ko, Abigail Girma, Yangfan Zhang, Yu Pan, GEORGE V. LAUDER, Radhika Nagpal
This study tracks giant danios in 3D to show they rarely form planar diamond schools, instead adopting a ladder formation that is more common and correlates with swimming speed.
Scientific Reports · Jun 27, 2025Peer-reviewedBiophysics