Plant cell-based 4D engineered living materials
Erica Colaprico, Chiara Musumeci, Léa Bogdziewiez, Denise Pagliara, Ariel Garcia Fleitas, Gwennaël Dufil, Elli Magkouta, Xu Jin, Daniele Mantione, Åsa Strand, Stéphane Verger, Eleni Stavrinidou
This paper demonstrates the use of plant cells to create adaptive, programmable living materials with photosynthetic and electrochemical functionalities.
bioRxiv · Oct 20, 2026 · PreprintBioengineering