Impedance-Derived Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability from tDCS Output Voltage: Sensorless Physiological Monitoring During Electrical Neuromodulation
Yahia Abdalla, Benjamin Babaev, Kevin A. Walsh, Catarina Ferraz, Leigh Elkins Charvet, Giuseppina Pilloni, Marom Bikson, Mohamad FallahRad
This paper shows that heart rate, heart rate variability, and respiration can be estimated from tDCS output voltage without additional sensors.
bioRxiv · Jul 30, 2026 · PreprintBioengineering